ILMU PENGETAHUAN DAN TEKNOLOGI

PERKEMBANGAN JARINGAN 1G,2G,3G, dan 4G

Perkembangan teknologi komunikasi berlangsung sangat cepat, kini teknologi komunikasi sudah mencapat pada kecepatan 4G LTE. Tertarik? Silahkan baca lebih lanjut.

1.TEKNOLOGI GENERASI AWAL / ZERO GENERATION (0G)

Generasi awal (0G) atau Mobile radio telephone ini merupakan teknologi telepon selular modern permulaan, dimana menggunakan jaringan gelombang radio khusus dengan jangkauan jaringan yang terbatas dan dapat terhubung dengan jaringan telepon umum biasa. Biasa pada mobil dan truk agar dapat berkomunikasi. Mobile radio telephone ini dikenal dengan nama dagang WCCs (Wireline Common Carriers), RCCs (Radio Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers. Prinsipnya seperti jaringan komunikasi Polisi atau Taxi (walkie-talkie), hanya saja Mobile radio telephone ini mempunyai nomor telepon tersendiri dan terhubung dengan jaringannya tersendiri.

Kemampuan teknologi 0 G (Zero Generation)

Kemampuan teknologi 0 G ini hanya dapat bisa melayani komunikasi suara saja dan merupakan teknologi awal komunikasi bergerak (mobile) yang di implementasikan dan di komersilakan.

Kelemahan teknologi 0 G

Metoda transmisinya masih half-duplex meski pada perkembangannya mendukung full-duplex, jumlah pelangan dan jangkauan jaringannya sangat terbatas, tidak mendukung komunikasi data, oleh karena itu generaasi 0G tidak dapat bertahan lama.

2.TEKNOLOGI GENERASI PERTAMA (1G)

Generasi pertama atau 1G merupakan teknologi handphone pertama yang diperkenalkan pada era 80-an dan masih menggunakan sistem analog. Generasi pertama ini menggunakan teknik komunikasi yang disebut Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). Teknik ini memungkinkan untuk membagi-bagi alokasi frekuensi pada suatu sel untuk digunakan masing-masing pelanggan di sel tersebut, sehingga setiap pelanggan saat melakukan pembicaraan memiliki frekuensi sendiri (prinsipnya seperti pada stasiun radio dimana satu stasiun radio hanya menggunakan satu frekuensi untuk siarannya).

Kemampuan teknologi 1 G

Kemampuan teknologi 1 G ini hanya dapat bisa melayani komunikasi suara saja tidak dapat melayani komunikasi data dalam kecepatan tinggi dan besar.

Kelemahan teknologi 1 G

Kapasitas trafik yang kecil, jumlah pelanggan yang dapat ditampung dalam satu sel sedikit, penggunaan spektrum frekuensi yang boros karena satu pengguna menggunakan satu buah kanal frekuensi, dan suara tidak jernih.

3.TEKNOLOGI GENERASI KEDUA (2G)

Teknologi generasi kedua muncul karena tuntutan pasar dan kebutuhan akan kualitas yang semakin baik. Generasi 2G sudah menggunakan teknologi digital. Generasi ini menggunakan mekanisme Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) dan Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) dalam teknik komunikasinya.

Kemampuan teknologi 2G

Generasi kedua selain digunakan untuk komunikasi suara, juga bisa untuk SMS (Short Message Service adalah layanan dua arah untuk mengirim pesan pendek sebanyak 160 karakter), voice mail, call waiting, dan transfer data dengan kecepatan maksimal 9.600 bps (bit per second). Kelebihan 2G dibanding 1G selain layanan yang lebih baik, dari segi kapasitas juga lebih besar. suara yang dihasilkan menjadi lebih jernih, karena berbasis digital, maka sebelum dikirim sinyal suara analog diubah menjadi sinyal digital. Tenaga yang diperlukan untuk sinyal sedikit sehingga dapat menghemat baterai, sehingga handset dapat dipakai lebih lama dan ukuran baterai bisa lebih kecil.

Kelemahan teknologi 2 G

Kecepatan transfer data masih rendah, tidak efisien untuk trafik rendah, jangkauan jaringan masih terbatas dan sangat tergantung oleh adanya BTS (cell Tower).

4.TEKNOLOGI GENERASI DUA SETENGAH (2.5G)

Teknologi 2.5G merupakan peningkatan dari teknologi 2G terutama dalam platform dasar GSM telah mengalami penyempurnaan, khususnya untuk aplikasi data. Untuk yang berbasis GSM teknologi 2.5G di implementasikan dalam GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) dan WiDEN, sedangkan yang berbasis CDMA diimplementasikan dalam CDMA2000 1x.

5.TEKNOLOGI GENERASI KETIGA (3G)

Teknologi generasi ketiga (3G Third Generation) dikembangkan oleh suatu kelompok yang diakui para ahli dan pelaku bisnis yang berkompeten dalam bidang teknologi wireless di dunia. 3G (Third Generation) sebagai teknologi yang berfungsi mempunyai kecepatan transfer data sebesar 144 kbps pada kecepatan user 100 km/jam, mempunyai kecepatan transfer data sebesar 384 kbps pada kecepatan berjalan kaki, mempunyai kecepatan transfer data sebesar 2 Mbps pada untuk user diam (stasioner).

Kemampuan teknologi 3G :

Memiliki kecepatan transfer data cepat (144kbps-2Mbps) sehingga dapat melayani layanan data broadband seperti internet, video on demand, music on demand, games on demand, dan on demand lain yang memungkinkan kita dapat memilih program musik, video, atau game semudah memilih channel di TV. Kecepatan setinggi itu juga mampu melayani video conference dan video streaming lainnya.

Kelebihan 3G dari generasi-genersi sebelumnya :

Kualitas suara yang lebih bagus, keamanan yang terjamin, kecepatan data mencapai 2 Mbps untuk lokal/Indoor/slow-moving access dan 384 kbps untuk wide area access, support beberapa koneksi secara simultan, sebagai contoh, pengguna dapat browse internet bersamaan dengan melakukan call (telepon) ke tujuan yang berbeda, infrastruktur bersama dapat mensupport banyak operator dilokasi yang sama. Interkoneksi ke other mobile dan fixed users, roaming nasional dan internasional, bisa menangani packet-and circuit-switched service termasuk internet (IP) dan videoconferencing. Juga high data rate communication services dan asymmetric data transmission, efiensi spektrum yang bagus, sehingga dapat menggunakan secara maksimum bandwidth yang terbatas, support untuk multiple cell layer, co-existance and interconnection dengan satellite-based services, mekanisme billing yang baru tergantung dari volume data, kualitas service dan waktu.

Kelemahan Teknologi 3G

Memerlukan Kontrol Daya “Ideal” dan belum mencukupinya kecepatan transfer data dalam melayani layanan multimedia yang memerlukan kecepatan yang mumpuni.

6.TEKNOLOGI GENERASI TIGA SETENGAH (3.5G)

Teknologi 3.5 G atau disebut juga super 3G merupakan peningkatan dari teknologi 3G, terutama dalam peningkatan kecepatan transfer data yang lebih dari teknologi 3G (>2 Mbps) sehingga dapat melayani komunikasi multimedia seperti akses internet dan video sharing.

7.TEKNOLOGI GENERASI KEEMPAT (4G- FOURTH GENERATION)

Teknologi fourth generation (4G) adalah teknologi yang baru memasuki tahap uji coba. Salah satunya oleh Jepang dimana pihak NTT DoCoMo, perusahaan ponsel di Jepang, memanfaatkan tenaga hingga 900 orang insinyur ahli untuk mewujudkan teknologi generasi ke 4.

Motivasi Teknologi 4G 

Mendukung service multimedia Interaktif, telekonfrensi, Wireless Intenet, bandwidth yang lebar, bit rates lebih besar dari 3G, global mobility, Service Portability, Low-cost service, dan skalabilitas untuk jaringan mobile.

Teknologi yang baru dalam 4G 

Sepenuhnya untuk jaringan packet-switched, semua komponen jaringan digital, bandwidth yang besar untuk mendukung multimedia service dengan biaya yang murah ( Sampai 100 Mbps), dan jaringan keamanan data yang kuat.

Teknologi yang digunakan :

Untuk teknologi 4G, kemungkinan teknologi yang diadaptasi adalah :

MIMO-OFDM (Multi Input Multi Output – Orthogonal Frequency Modulation). OFDM merupakan suatu teknik transmisi multi carrier (banyak frekuensi). Dimana tiap frekuensi adalah orthogonal satu sama lain, sehingga terjadinya overlapping tidak akan menyebabkan interferensi. Dan di sisi lain teknik MIMO dapat membuat kanal paralel independen dalam spatial domain untuk mengirimkan data stream yang beragam. Teknik MIMO bisa memperbesar kapasitas kanal tanpa mengurangi bandwidth yang ada. Jumlah antena yang dipergunakan pada bagian pemancar 2 sedangkan pada bagian penerima 4. MIMO dapat mencapai kecepatan transfer data sampai 59,52 Mb.

Source : http://tomorrow4life.wordpress.com/2013/02/07/sejarah-dan-perkembangan-jaringan-seluler-2g-3g-4g/

ARSITEKTUR

Ya , ini sekilas mengenai arsitektur. Apa sih pengertian dari arsitek sendiri ?

Arsitektur merupakan bidang studi yang dapat berperan dalam perancangan perabotan. Maket yang berupa model rancangan arsitek adalah salah satu tahap di dalam proses perancangan arsitektural sebagai suatu media komunikasi visual untuk memperlihatkan gagasan arsitek tersebut.

Arsitektur adalah ilmu dan seni perencanaan dan perancangan lingkungan kawasan seperti perencaan dan perancangan kota, kawasan, lingkungan, dan lansekap—hingga lingkup mikro — seperti perencanaan dan perancangan bangunan, interior, perabot, dan produk. Dalam arti yang sempit, arsitektur sering kali diartikan sebagai ilmu dan seni perencanaan dan perancangan bangunan. Dalam pengertian lain, istilah “arsitektur” sering juga dipergunakan untuk menggantikan istilah “hasil-hasil proses perancangan”.

Source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur

ARTICLE ABOUT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Hay today , i will tell you about development of IT. Yeah , what the meaning of IT ?

IT is IT (information technology) is a term that encompasses all forms of technology used to create, store, exchange, and use information in its various forms (business data, voice conversations, still images, motion pictures, multimedia presentations, and other forms, including those not yet conceived). It's a convenient term for including both telephony and computer technology in the same word. It is the technology that is driving what has often been called "the information revolution." 

Source : http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/IT

DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 

Technology and information may be regarded as two things are mutually binding. Both support functions that are fairly similar. Advances in technology are always facilitate the delivery of information. The rate information from one country can spread rapidly to other countries, even to all countries, through increasingly sophisticated technology.

Advances in information technology provide enormous benefit in human survival. Information technology can provide facilities in various aspects of life. One area of ​​life that has a close relationship with the use of information technology is the world of work.

Impact of Advanced Information Technology

Advances in information technology is to be grateful and appreciated as a remarkable achievement. Therefore, we must take advantage of advances in information technology is to do positive things. Why is that? In fact, advances in information technology not only provides a positive effect. Many also brought along the negative impact of information technology advances.

Here's a positive impact of information technology development.

• Facilitate the delivery of information or communication between one place to another place.
• Widespread use of information technology can open new job opportunities.
• Make it easier for companies or individual business transaction-based information technology or so-called E-Commerce.
• Simplify and expedite access to information needed for various purposes.

Besides positive impacts, advances in information technology have a negative effect.

• The rapid advancement in information technology, internet and other media, facilitate the entry of elements of pornography, porn-action, and violence.

• Ease of transactions via the Internet will provide opportunities to perform transakisi forbidden, such as drug and contraband transactions.

Improved Quality of Life

Humans increasingly demanded to improve the quality of life so that "forcing" them to perform various activities by optimizing capabilities. The claim is, inevitably, will make human use of information and communication technology in every activity.

Anything that is required is completed in quick time to be done by utilizing flash technology as well. Finally, human life can not be separated from the flow of information technology.

Information Technology in the World of Work
The development of information and communication technology is often used by entrepreneurs related work. Needs time and cost efficiency caused business people feel the need to apply information technology in the work environment. The use of information and communication technologies has resulted in the occurrence of rhythm changes.
One of the utilization of information and communication technology in the world of work is the application of Enterprice Resource Planning (ERP). ERP is a software application that includes a management system within a company. Information and communication technology in the business world used to conduct electronic commerce or E-commerce, commerce that uses Internet communication network.
Meanwhile, the banking world information and communication technology to conduct transactions via the Internet, such as Internet Banking. Transactions can be done via Internet Banking, including money transfers, check balance, transfer funds, bill payments, and account information.

Source :

http://alioting.blogspot.com/2011/04/history-and-development-of-information.html

ARTICLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 10 Reasons Customers Might Resist Windows 8

Has Microsoft become too innovative? Professor Rosabeth Moss Kanter, a leader in the field of change management, discusses reasons that people might not rush to embrace Windows 8.

 by Carmen Nobel

 

Software giant Microsoft is launching the Windows 8 version of its operating system this week, and suffice it to say that it's radically different from Windows 7. The familiar Start button and menu are gone, for example, replaced by a series of large, colorful tiles. And there's a new feature called the "Charm Bar."

Give Microsoft credit for innovation. But will corporate customers rush to embrace the change, or will they resist it at first? Signs point to resistance, according to Rosabeth Moss Kanter, the Ernest L. Arbuckle professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School, and a leader in the field of change management. "Even in an era where young techies are looking to get the hottest and latest, people are resistant to change," she says.

Microsoft's launch of the new operating system accompanies its launch of a new tablet PC, the Surface RT, which will compete against Apple iPad. And industry observers have noted similarities between Apple's tightly-controlled marketing tactics and Microsoft's marketing campaign for the upcoming OS—Microsoft is even using indie rock music in its Windows 8 advertisements.

But what works for Apple might not work for Microsoft. Alas, when it comes to embracing the latest technology, consumer hardware and corporate software are as different as apples and orang… well, as different as Apples and corporate software. "Software is the method by which people do their work, and if you're requiring a radical change in how they do their work, it's a lot to ask," Kanter says.

“If you’re requiring a radical change in how they do their work, it’s a lot to ask”

In a September blog post for Harvard Business Review, Kanter discusses 10 of the most common reasons people resist change, in the context of leadership. This week, Kanter sat down with HBS Working Knowledge to discuss how these same reasons might hinder corporate adoption of Windows 8.

1. Loss of Control—Unsolicited change naturally meddles with autonomy, and the world's IT directors and other department heads may not appreciate having a completely different operating system thrust upon them from on high. "People don't like it when they're forced to change their plans, rather than determine the changes they want to make," Kanter says.

2. Excess Uncertainty—"People will often prefer to remain mired in misery than to head toward an unknown," Kanter explains in her blog post.
"There will be questions about Windows 8," Kanter says. "Will it work? Will it help me? Will this require further upgrades as Microsoft fixes the bugs? People might wait until there's more certainty, reasoning that if the current software works well, then why should they change?"

3. Surprise, surprise!—Sudden change almost always faces resistance, Kanter says. To that end, Microsoft has made a point of preparing the public for Windows 8, briefing the press months in advance and even offering downloadable preview version. Still, Kanter wonders, "Has there been sufficient time for the influencers to get used to this and help other people get used to it? And why launch on October 26? There is a lot going on in the world right now"

4. Everything seems different—Drastic change is more uncomfortable than incremental change, Kanter explains. And early reviews indicate that Windows 8 feels like a journey into the unknown. She cites the Wall Street Journal's Walt Mossberg, who reports, "even its most devoted users won't recognize the venerable computer operating system in this new incarnation."

"Of course all change brings difference, but how many differences can we handle at once?" Kanter asks. "In Windows 8 there's the tile interface, there's no more start button, there's this 'Charm Bar'… These tools may work well, but human psychology says that if it's too different and too jarring, you turn away from it. You don't want to have to think about the tool. You want to think about the job you need to get done."

5. and 6. Loss of face and Concerns about competence—Let alone dealing with a change that wasn't their idea, people don't like it when a change makes them feel incompetent. And some early reviews of Windows 8 indicate that it's not much of an ego booster. In the comments section of a review on cnet.com, beta-testing computer science teacher 'jabnipnip' vented: "Sure it loads fast, but you lose productivity time just trying to figure out how to do things like print! No joke. Open up a PDF in the native viewer and you have to 'intuitively' know to press ctrl + p to print the file. I can't tell you how many times I've sat there getting angry trying to figure out how to get something done. I'm not an idiot when it comes to computers, but this OS made me feel like one."

"Your software should not make anyone feel like an idiot," Kanter advises.

7. More work—This is an unavoidable biggie. Change generally requires work. That can feel like an irony when it comes to a software upgrade that's advertised as a tool to make work easier. Even the most positive reviews of Windows 8 have acknowledged a steep learning curve, which is likely to induce some chafing among the weary corporate masses.

"We're talking about an incredibly overloaded population of people who don't need more work," Kanter says. "They need something to do the work for them, like Siri."

8. Ripple effects—"Like tossing a pebble into a pond, change creates ripples, reaching distant spots in ever-widening circles," Kanter writes in her HBR blog post.

“Your software should not make anyone feel like an idiot”

There are key ripple effects inherent in adopting a drastically different operating system, she says. Confused individual users are likely to overload the IT department with "how-do-I" requests. Managers may be late for meetings as they try in vain to find their calendars with the new user interface. And so on. Some problematic are more likely than others, but "concern about ripple effects can cause considerable foot-dragging when it comes to change," Kanter says.

9. Past resentments—"Leaders should consider gestures to heal the past before sailing into the future," Kanter writes. "The ghosts of the past are always lying in wait to haunt us."

We have two ghostly words for Microsoft: Windows Vista. It's been nearly six years since the launch of that version of Windows, but harried IT managers may never forget the glitches. (PC World magazine rated Vista the Biggest Disappointment of 2007.) "Microsoft has had problems in the past," Kanter says. "The company tries so hard to do something disruptive, but then all it accomplishes is getting disruptive to users."

10. Sometimes the threat is real—In her blog post, Kanter explains that many people fear change because it can be truly dangerous, posing a threat not only to old ideas but jobs as well. In the case of the Windows 8 launch, there's a threat to Microsoft's competitors-including Apple, Google Inc., and Amazon.com—who could lose market share if the operating system and the new tablet prove successful. "Competitors certainly resist the change," Kanter says. "They are going to do everything they can to try to capitalize on any wary customer and fan the flames of user resistance."

And the dramatic overhaul of the operating system is also a risk for Microsoft, which needs Windows 8 to succeed in order to maintain its own market share, especially among consumers.
"Microsoft has produced a bold innovation in Windows 8, and the company deserves applause," Kanter says. "But its marketplace success will depend on whether users are ready for such a giant leap. Does this big change activate too many classic sources of resistance? That is the question."

Source : http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/7124.html

TUGAS HMJ FT Informatika Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Kerajinan Tangan kali ini yang saya buat adalah MAKET EIFFEL.

Bahan - bahan dalam pembuatan Maket Eiffel tersebut terbuat dari :

1. Tusuk Sate
2. Lem G
3. Pilox
4. Kertas Karton tebal ukuran 0,3 mm
5. Kabel
6. Lampu
7. Baterai
8. Saklar

Langkah Kerja :

1. Bagi Maket Menjadi 4 bagian yaitu : bagi pertama kaki eifel, bagian kedua tubuh eifel, bagian ketiga ujung eifel, bagian keempat merangkai dinding eifel
2. bagian pertama : membuat 4 kaki eifel (1 kaki eifel berbentuk trapesium sama kaki tanpa alas, buat sebanyak 4 buah, 2 diantaranya lebih kecil dari ukuran yang sebelumnya. gabungkan kaki tersebut menjadi 2 pasang (sesuaikan dengan ukuran yang telah di buat). cara merangkai kaki dengan cara menyilang dua bagian kaki yng telah dibuat sesuai ukuran masing-masing kaki (yang besar dengan yang besar, yang kecil dengan yang kecil), setelah disilang jangan lupa untuk menambahkan lem G dari setiap tempelan bambu dengan bambu. letakkan bagian kaki yang lebih kecil diatas bagian kaki yang lebih besar tersebut.
3. bagian kedua : sama seperti bada bagian pertama, membuat 2 bangun trapesium tanpa alas dengan ukuran yang lebih kecil dari bagian yang ada d bawahnya, akan tetapi buatlah bagian yang ini lebih tinggi dari yang sebelumnya,tambahkan lem untuk setiap tempelan bambu atau putusan bambu, letakkan bagian kedua di atas bagian yang pertama.
4. bagian ketiga : yaitu bagian sama dengan bagian yng sebelumnya, membuat 2 bangun trapesium tanpa alas dengan ukuran yang lebih kecil lagi dari bagian yang sebelumnya dan lebih tinggi dari yang sebelumnya, silang kan dua kaki tersebut dam tempel diatas bagian yang sebelumnya. setelah itu buat ujung menara sama persis dengan aslinya.
5. bagian 4 : menurut saya bagian ini yang sangat membosankan, d bagian ini atau merangkai dinding eifel kita di tuntut harus teliti dan sabar untuk mencapai hasil yang maksimal.

Pembuatannya berlangsung selama 3 hari. Dan hasil dari Maket Eiffel tersebut adalah sebagai berikut :

Gambar 1 Proses Pembuatan Maket Eiffel 

Gambar 2 Proses Pembuatan

Gambar 3 Hasil Maket Eiffel 

Gambar 4 Hasil Maket Eiffel

And , Finally is done. Alhamdulillah :)